Security Threats to Banking

Security Threats to Banking INTRODUCTION The research project was undertaken to discover security threats and vulnerabilities experienced in First National Bank Botswana organization and how they mitigate them, this was carried out with the intention of making better and appropriate recommendations to combat them in the future and strengthen their information system and innovate some of their services for better competitive advantage and customer satisfaction. FIRST NATIONAL BANK BOTSWANA BACKGROUND First National Bank Botswana was registered in 1991, as a wholly owned subsidiary of First National Bank Holdings (Botswana). Various acquisitions led to the bank becoming a listed entity on the Botswana Stock Exchange in 1993. Today, they have shifted from being a bank with a predominantly retail focus to one that also successfully services the commercial and corporate market. Today products and services of First National Bank Botswana cover the requirements of everyone, from large corporate companies to small businesses and the individual. As at January 2008, we operate with a network of 17 branches and a total of 89 ATMs around the country. A strong customer focused culture ensures that our products are correctly packaged and accessible to all. https://www.fnbbotswana.co.bw/aboutus/index.html accessed on the 30 March 2010. MISSION To be recognised by all as the most well respected and most profitable leading financial services institution of first choice, building enduring and rewarding relationships with all our customers and amongst all stakeholders through the provision of exceptional customer service well skilled professionalism, reliable and efficient innovative products and solutions by our high achieving, motivated, proud and committed team, enabling us to get and keep customers. VISION We collaborate, support and empower each other through the consistent application of our aligned strategies and shared values, delivering maximum value to our customers and sharing the customer so as to add further value to them. Through this, we get and keep customers. CURRENT MARKET SITUATION ANALYSIS Currently the world was going through recession each and every organization across the globe felt the impact of the economic meltdown. Despite global recession and tough competition from competitors like Barclays bank, Standard chartered, Stabic bank and Bank Gaborone etc, First National Bank Botswana proved to be the most innovative bank in Botswana and it made profit unlike Barclays bank sales which had gone down, this shows that FNBB had increase in sales and market share. According to Imara report, September 2009, FNBB had a growth in turnover; the bank posted a strong set of results despite operating in a challenging business environment. Net interest income grew by 30.6% to P522.90 million (FY08: P400.25 million) mainly driven by a 17.0% increase in loans and advances. Profit before tax and profit after tax increased by 19.5% to P536.90 million and 8.7% to P406.72 million respectively. SIGNIFICANT MARKET SHARE According to Analyst Setlhabi P, 2009 FNBB is one of the leading banks in Botswana with the largest market share in terms of deposits (29.7%) and 2nd largest in terms of loans and advances (27.3%) after Barclays Bank Botswana. The pie chart above shows that FNBB has more market share in Botswana compared to other banks in Botswana. In terms of technology advancement and Information system FNBB is the most innovative bank, it was the first bank to provide internet and cell phone banking in Botswana to customers and it is currently the only listed bank providing cell phone banking services. In a bid to reach the unbanked market, First National Bank of Botswana has launched its new cell phone banking service, enabling banking activities such as balance enquiries, statement requests and the ability to make payments to third parties. Due to advancement in technology and Information system its market share has grown tremendously. FNBB SWOT ANALYSIS Below is a table showing the swot analysis of the First National Bank Botswana, from the table it shows that the bank has more strength, good opportunities than weakness and threats which is really good. PREVIOUS SYSTEM The previous system was manual based before introducing this advanced system, though they had computers nothing was automated customers had to go to the physical bank to deposit money, pay the bills and some of the important information was recorded on papers which can get lost or stolen easily. The system was costly to the bank because they had to use a lot of materials e.g. papers to record information and print the bank statement for customers and you would find that there will be long queues at the bank during the week. Customers could not dream buying items online, they manual system was time consuming and somehow hindered the growth of the FNBB market share. Customers who wanted to open accounts with the bank had to fill the application form, submit and wait for seven working days for their application to be processed and account to be opened. There was nothing like transferring the fund to third party account or interbank transfer the customer had to do it manual at the bank teller or cashier counter. CURRENT SYSTEM (S) The bank has several current information systems in place which has enhanced its performance and productivity resulting in customer satisfaction and convenience hence customer loyalty to FNBB. According to Mr. Edwin M FNBB have the following information systems in use. Online Banking Customers can access the bank account anywhere, anytime as long they have internet access where there are, and they can do any transaction; paying bills, buy online, view balance, bank statement and transfer funds to third party. Cell Phone Banking Now with cell phone banking in place customer do not need to be behind a computer doing transaction, they can access their funds/ bank account by using their mobile phones which is more convenient, fast and user friendly. Its new cell phone banking service, enabling banking activities such as balance enquiries, statement requests and the ability to make payments to third parties. The service is accessible through any handset in Botswana and uses SMS or a menu-based technology for customers to complete their banking transactions, increasing mass market reach and adding functionality to First National Bank of Botswanas (FNBB) offerings. The new FNB Cell phone banking offering is a natural extension from the pioneering beginnings of the in Contact service, said Yolisa Lejowa, FNBB head of electronic banking. Initially the service will only be available on the Mascom network but we envisage activating FNB Cell phone banking on the Orange network as well, shortly. By introducing these systems the bank has saved a lot of money which would be used for stationery in the manual system and the bank saw a great positive impact on their daily activities, long queues is the thing of the past, productivity, efficiency and market share has increased. New customers can even apply for bank accounts online without going to the bank as long as they provide valid details; everything will be processed within a short period of time. Now customers have the bank virtual bank with them wherever they go. Some of the Information systems are; Transaction Processing system Human resource Management system Executive management system INFORMATION RESOURCE AND CONTROL According www.datamonitor.com head of electronic banking (chief information officer) at FNBB has a critical role and responsible for the entire security of the organization, plan and implement technology advancement and innovations to ensure that FNBB stays atop of the market in the banking industry in Botswana. The Electronic bank head critical evaluate the security systems ability to protect bank and customer data. According to Eddie M in interviews response stated that chief information officer overlook the entire organization information system, to ensure that all resources are utilized within the budget and enforce higher security in the system to ensure business continuity. This is achieved by defining, updating, implementing IT strategy and align IT objectives and programs to enterprise objectives and strategies. By applying the above critical roles result in data privacy and confidentially, data integrity, authentication, non-repudiation. The head of electronic banking of FNBB set security privileges in the organization to ensure that certain areas and information is only accessed by authorized personnel or user. He carries out and enforces comprehensive security policy in the organization. According to www.fdic.gov/news/news/financial/1999/FIL9968b.doc A comprehensive information security policy should outline a proactive and ongoing program incorporating three components; Prevention Detection Response E-banking services must be delivered on a consistent and timely basis in accordance with high customer expectations for a constant and rapid availability and potential high transaction demand. The bank must be able to deliver online banking services to all end-users and be able to maintain such availability in all circumstances. ORGANISATION SECURITY SYSTEM RISK System risk is a potential problem, situation that if it materializes, may adversely affect the business operation or system operation. http://www.pathways.cu.edu.eg/ . According to Eddie M 26 March 2010 Interviews. The use of information system which is online banking and cell phone banking has brought some risks and threats which are as follows; information theft, hacking of the system, System Failure due to hardware problem or power failure even software crushing, backup gets corrupted sometimes. The above table summarizes the system risks that exist with the use of information system; some of the risks are intentional were the user or unauthorized person get to do some modification in the system database/ some system components which will compromise availability or integrity of the data produced, processed. Some of the threats are accidental where by the user discloses his/her online banking details leading to account hacking and money theft. Network malfunction/ interruption is one of the major threats, sometimes network hardware components fails leading to break of data transfer between computers and servers leading to online system been unable to function normal (down). Electricity blackout its a major concern in Botswana because it happens more often resulting in online banking and cell phone banking being inaccessible during the period, as cell phone network goes down during electricity blackout and some electronics components tends to fails as well leading to system failure as information systems are comprised of different electronics components. All the above mentioned system risks and threats are the main faced by First National Bank Botswana. SYSTEM RISK MITIGATION To mitigate risks and threats board of directors and the head of electronic banking must ensure that appropriate security control processes are in place for online banking. (FNBB Report, 2009). To deal with this risks authorization privileges and authentication measures, logical and physical access control, adequate infrastructure security to maintain appropriate boundaries and restriction on both external user activities and data integrity of transactions, record and information should be implemented in the bank. http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs98.htm. SECURITY CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV) CCTV is used to capture and monitor all customer and employee activities inside and outside the bank building for security reasons. Youll find CCTVcameras sweeping the perimeter and parking areas, lobbies, drive-up windows and ATMS. Almost everyone who has worked in the banking industry and many customers has used CCTV to prevent and/or identify illegal activity at banking facilities. Video tapes and digital recordings capture the faces and activities of everyone using bank properties. (Pirraglia W). The captured recordings are archived bydate, so prior recordings can be located and used to solve problems and help apprehend perpetrators of illegal bank activity. Most of the banks around the world have cctv installed in their buildings and around ATM terminals, so FNBB use CCTV for the same purpose as explained above, all of their building are monitored by CCTV.

Marina Gana Vida Essay

PROBLEM: What could Jonah Nobleza do to balance the employment and production of MGV? OBJECTIVES: To be able to find an alternative way to scale-up the production without sacrificing the mission of MGV. To prove to the investors that MGV is a successful social enterprise with viable economic. To be able to spot the best possible solution balancing employment vs. production. AREAS OF CONSIDERATION: Strengths The staffs of MGV are all professionally trained. Providing health products to consumers Promoting environmentally friendly fishing practices Well-developed facilities Provides healthy fish farming Women are skilled in fish processing Opportunities Providing business opportunities to Muslim women in Davao community Having more loyal customers Adopt technology Weakness Limited capacity of production Lack of investors Not using chemical pesticides that reduces the quantity of fish Threats Competition of other fishing industries Natural or man-made calamities ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION: Stick to their goals to hire more workers by adding another processing plant Merge machine labour and manual labour in production process Replace the manual labour into automated labour process while the workers will serve as indirect employees. RECOMMENDATION: The best alternative course of action is the second solution, which is merging of manual and automated labour process which is in production there will be a machine to help fasten their production for better labour process and to maintain the employment, there should also be a manual process for the workers to help manipulate and monitor the machines. CONCLUSION: We therefore conclude that our recommendation can help the company increase their production without eradicating workers in view of the fact that they can also help in monitoring the machinery to speed up production and we can assign them in manipulating the machines. Adding more machines also means hiring more workers and as a result of having faster production. As their goal is to provide employment to many poor household they were able to maintain their social enterprise.

October Sky The Movie Essay

The movie October Sky deals with a lot of themes that still exist in societies all over the world today. One of the main themes and perhaps the most obvious is the inspiring idea of chasing one’s dream and never giving up until success is found. In the movie, we find Homer Hickam, an average small-town boy, intrigued by the launch of Soviet satellite Sputnik and infatuated with the idea of joining the space race and making his own rockets. Homer becomes inspired to better himself. He wants to successfully build rockets and with further encouragement from his teacher, Miss Riley, he and his friends enter a science fair in which they have the chance to receive college scholarships. This is Homer’s dream and he sets his goals accordingly to achieve his dream. Homer doesn’t allow any obstacle, even family troubles, to stop him from obtaining his dream. His recognition of his goals and persistence in achieving them is a very admirable thing to do and is something that still happens all the time. Over different decades the dreams may change and the challenges one face to achieve them may be different but no matter what decade, people are always going to have dreams and goals they want to achieve in their lives. Every person has a desire to be successful and happy. Success and achievement of dreams does not come easy. A person must have determination to be successful and the theme of aspiring to a goal and a better life does not go away over decades, no matter how big or small the dream is. Family conflict is another theme that is universal for many reasons. In several ways, family conflict is combined with the theme of the generation gap. This is because family conflict is often caused by a lack of understanding between people and that most often occurs between adults and children/teenagers. In October Sky, the conflict between Homer and his father, John, was in many ways inevitable. Homer and John were bought up in very different worlds. John grew up in a traditional world where most things were black or white – right or wrong and things were always done the same way. Homer is living his  teenage years in a time where the future of small towns is uncertain and the United States is being dragged into a technological age. Growing up in such different worlds leaves the two with very different thoughts and perspectives on just about everything which means they are no doubt going to clash on those points. Their different perspectives cause Homer and John to rarely see eye to eye on things. The only thing they seemed to have in common was the fact that they were both very stubborn and that worked against them. Family conflicts are often inevitable, even to this day. The generation gap between Homer and John that caused a lot of their problems obviously still occurs between families in every country of our decade and will probably still occur for the rest of time. The themes dealt with in October Sky, such as the pursuit of a dream, family conflict, generation gap and more such as financial problems have been around for a long time and probably for a long time to come. www.wikipedia.comwww.imdb.com

The Dysptopian Novel of 1984 by Geroge Orwell - 632 Words

The dystopian novel of 1984, written by the English writer George Orwell, was first published by Secker and Warburg in 1949. The novel discusses the life of Winston Smith and his venture to rebel against the totalitarian state in which he resides. George Orwell wrote 1984 as a warning after World War II, with the intention of describing a society that he would never want to live the day to see. Unfortunately, he knew that it was more of a precaution to say this is how life for some was like in Germany or the Soviet Union. Both of these places having been in power during his time he wrote this to show the rest of the world how it was too late for them, and coming nearer for everyone else. During the war, Orwell worked for the British Broadcasting Company, where he got the idea for newspeak. Orwell’s main goals in 1984 are to depict the frightening techniques a totalitarian government (in which a single ruling class possesses absolute power) might use to control its subjects, an d to illustrate the extent of the control that government is able to exert. George Orwell’s 1984, the theme that a government may use mind controlling and brainwashing to maintain power over the society has been brought out through many symbols, events and ideas. In the year of 1984, the world has been divided into three super powers: Oceania, Eastasia and Eurasia. In the society of Oceania, which is controlled by a totalitarian Party, love, sex, joy, happiness, personal documents, thoughts, etc, are

Trans-Cultural Health Issues - Ethnicity and Substance Abuse Free Essay Example, 1750 words

World Health Organization's definition of drug addiction is: Any form of substance use which goes beyond traditional and customary dietary uses or deviates from a medical regimen and results in an uncontrolled compulsive intake of the substance is an addiction. (p. 6) To explain it further, the drug is any substance taken to modify perception, mood, cognition, behaviour or motor functions. The need for repeated doses of a drug to feel good or to avoid feeling bad is a sign of dependence /addiction. Repeated usage of a drug, results in reduced effects, or tolerance, and greater doses are needed to have the same psychoactive effects. The drug scene is grave. The present efforts being made by various Government and non-Governmental agencies, UNO agencies, medical practitioners and philanthropists in the area of substance demand reduction, are like blocking a furiously advancing avalanche with the fence of straw. Or trying to reach the moon by sitting on a kite! Or trying to control t he rising flood waters of the river by filling pitchers! Statistical studies and research like the ones conducted by the authors in the cited book are no doubt needed, but it is no use digging the well when the house is on fire. We will write a custom essay sample on Trans-Cultural Health Issues - Ethnicity and Substance Abuse or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The present drug-scenario is like the war situation. When there is a war, the goal is to win the war, no matter how one wins. The process of addiction to de-addiction is like driving a vehicle in the reverse gear. It is slow-- to be done with extra care and total dedication! The first thing one must understand about addiction is that alcohol and drugs are basically 'painkillers' of one kind or the other. Drugs chemically 'kill' physical and emotional pain. For a person to be attracted by the drugs, there must be some underlying happiness, sense of helplessness without its consumption, insurmountable problems or even physical pain. Peer-pressure and sheer boredom with life can also be factors for the initial try of drugs but that alone cannot cause addiction. When the drug addicts are deep into it, they are notorious and become manipulative and deviant, in order to get what they want.

Modern Society s Criminal Justice System - 3383 Words

Fear of crime, mass imprisonment, and the increasing drain of public resources are frequent issues in public and political discourse. The process and outcomes of justice are frequently expressed with frustration as societal wounds and conflicts deepen rather than contribute to healing or resolution. Western society’s criminal justice system methodology contains intrinsic limitations and failures. Nonetheless, it persists through the state’s use of manipulative forms of communication, molding public perceptions of crime and punishment. Intensifying expansion of the prison industrial complex and harsher criminal punishment progresses under the auspices of monetary gain. Deteriorating political support for the rehabilitative ideal started in the 1970’s, transitioning to a punishment model. The social practice of mass imprisonment is impacted by the language and communication of everyday life, specifically, it is influenced by the deliberate framing of rhetoric and i ssues within political discourse and the normalization of criminal justice standards in the context of postmodern ideology. Furthermore, political rhetoric and structures of social control are shaped by Western society’s current knowledge systems and the overwhelming force of the mass media and communication systems to maintain structures of privilege and domination. The language of political discourse is deliberately devised to frame issues in a way that imposes repressive structures of social control andShow MoreRelatedPunishment Vs Classical Criminology1745 Words   |  7 PagesCriminal Justice Theory Introduction Crime has existed in the society from time immemorial. Different cultures have dealt with it differently. 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Baroque Style Painting Analysis Essay Example For Students

Baroque Style Painting Analysis Essay The space is constructed much like in the Academic Salon in that the pieces are arranged at different levels dictating their importance. The more influential and well-crafted works are hung at eye level, while the pieces that are not as highly regarded by the salon are hung either high above view or below the better pieces. Two images which just happen to be aligned and positioned at eye level, stand out amongst the beautiful works surrounding them. The pieces are Gigolo Cesar Procaines The Scourging of Christ and Mathieu El Mains aha Entombment of Christ. The two works offer much to the ewer. In both paintings the artist depicts a particular moment in the ultimate death of Jesus Christ. Alone each work can be deciphered and interpreted in many ways but together the two images open up a world to contrast and viewpoints of differing styles and influences. Gigolo Cesar procaine was born in Bologna, Italy and about 10 years later moved to Milan where he flourished as a baroque sculptor and painter Procaine5 work was also influenced by the mannerist style, a style that his father worked in. We will write a custom essay on Baroque Style Painting Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Milan and Italy in general, in the early 17th century was a booming artist Mecca Artists like Aggravation, Gentiles, as well as Procaine were making major advances in the baroque style. The depiction of religious and historical scenes was crucial in the early baroque paintings seen at the time of Procaines professional career. The works such as Aggravations Entombment as well as The Conversion Of Saint Paul shed some light onto the influences of Procaine. Much of Italy at the time had an eye for the theatrical and dramatic. This period saw intense motions, emotions and lighting. Gigolo Cesar Procaines The Scourging of Christ can be seen as the definition of the blending of the baroque style with that of the mannerist. With its immense size the artist is able to fully articulate the space and fit in the necessary information. The forms in the composition are placed in away that the image is symmetrical on all sides, The painting is only a small fraction of what is actually occurring in the scene. The frame of the piece works as a way for our brain to only see what is put before us, but we must look further and put ourselves in the actual event and feel the crowd around us. The crowd cant be seen but implied by the deep vignette surrounding the divinely lit The frame works as an isolation tort the pain and loneliness that can be seen in he eyes of Jesus, procaines decision to center Jesus in composition speaks volumes to what he is trying to evoke from the viewer. Jesus is seen bound to a small pillar sharing the center of the composition. With all the motion surrounding him, Jesus seems silent and alone in his pain. The painting composition can be considered complex as well as simple at the same time. The mass of movement of the characters and tension seen in the dimly lit corners would classify the painting as complex. In contrast to that categorization, Jesus with the use of strong light and shade is seen almost solely by himself. Jesus is centered in front Of four Other figures that are all arranged in a way that the image has equal weight on all sides and all the corners are articulated evenly. The use Of exposed flesh in repetition is used starting With the soldier to the left, continuing to Jesus and finally to the older gentleman filling the bottom right of the composition. This use of this repetition is a nice touch and allows the viewer to read equally the surfaces of the piece. The scale and proportion of the figures are all equal lending into the validity of the scene in the space. Procaines main objective in the painting is for the viewer to focus solely on the figures, negating to even hint at a background. The forms of the figures are so well constructed that they allow the forms to take a three dimensional shape. This helps create the idea to space on an otherwise flat canvas. The figures that aggressively lurk in the background are caught in a moment in time just before Jesus is repeatedly whipped. Procaine cleverly links this very Italianizes painting with its classical routes by covering the figure just about to whip Jesus with the scourge in a traditional turban, an obvious touch of the Middle East This accurate depiction f garment is in contrast to the roman soldier that ultimately wouldnt have been present at this moment in history. The soldier does serve a purpose in establishing baroque classicism in the treatment of his drapery as well as his beautifully articulated musculature, solidifying the presence of baroque classicism. The older gentleman depicted to the right of Jesus is reminiscent Of Bronzing ¶s father time. The posture of both this gentleman and father time are somewhat similar and also the way both artists have treated his age relative to his younger strong build. This may be a subtle way offspring that Chrisms time n earth may be drawing to a close. .u6af8772a59db7885376f1fc0a8d45099 , .u6af8772a59db7885376f1fc0a8d45099 .postImageUrl , .u6af8772a59db7885376f1fc0a8d45099 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6af8772a59db7885376f1fc0a8d45099 , .u6af8772a59db7885376f1fc0a8d45099:hover , .u6af8772a59db7885376f1fc0a8d45099:visited , .u6af8772a59db7885376f1fc0a8d45099:active { border:0!important; } .u6af8772a59db7885376f1fc0a8d45099 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6af8772a59db7885376f1fc0a8d45099 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6af8772a59db7885376f1fc0a8d45099:active , .u6af8772a59db7885376f1fc0a8d45099:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6af8772a59db7885376f1fc0a8d45099 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6af8772a59db7885376f1fc0a8d45099 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6af8772a59db7885376f1fc0a8d45099 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6af8772a59db7885376f1fc0a8d45099 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6af8772a59db7885376f1fc0a8d45099:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6af8772a59db7885376f1fc0a8d45099 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6af8772a59db7885376f1fc0a8d45099 .u6af8772a59db7885376f1fc0a8d45099-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6af8772a59db7885376f1fc0a8d45099:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Analysis Argumentative EssayIt may have also served as a way to motivate the citizens to make the most of their time on earth. Line is not a very vital part of the composition and overall makeup of the image. In fact, few lines can be seen in the structural lines of the pillar that Jesus is bound to. However, one line of importance leads from the left foot of Jesus, up his thigh and through his torso, shooting our eye up from Jesus body to the scourge wielding hand of the figure about to strike him. These implied lines add geometric quality as well as move the viewers eye in the places the artist wishes, Jesus body also hints at a mannerist influence in that the body has an organic flow and use to serpentine. It is evident in the contrasts or weight shift that causes the body to form a flowing S shape. Playing a subtle role in the success tooth piece, color is hinted in small areas but is overtaken with the dim lighting, Red is present in the upper right hand corner on the well-crafted garment of yet another scourge wielding citizen. Keeping with symmetry, Procaine places a splash of red in the form of the soldiers drapery. With color impacting the overall image in a somewhat small way, it allows for the use of light to make more of an impact. The lighting in The Scourging of Christ is without saying, breathtaking. Much like Aggravation, Procaine has mastered the use of Tenebrous, Christ is seen vibrantly lit in the center illuminated before a dark dismal scene unfolding behind him. In this situation, the image is depicting Christ so therefore the light can be considered divine. The divine light is cast down from god upon Jesus and works as a way to almost calm the situation and say to Jesus and the viewer that it is k, that hes suffering for the good of all mankind. This strong message can be classified as baroque psychology, where the viewer is emotionally and spiritually connected. Procaines understanding of how the human condition reacts to certain things aid his artwork in a way that he knows the right outlet to reach his audience through. In this case it is the divine hand or light of God. Without having a defined background and use of planes the artist uses the bright light and contrasting darkness around it to allow for space to be viewed. As said before, Jesus is the foremost figure due to Tenebrous and the subsequent figures are depicted in space behind. The smooth transition from the divine lit areas, to the darker more undefined corners of the composition are extremely successful. For he divine light to hit Christ and not stray far from the small glow from his pale skin requires calm and deliberate style strokes. This transition only works well with this type of paint application. The exact strokes give it a photographic like quality that capture the scene precisely how it occurs without the abstraction of strokes like that of Rembrandt. This snapshot of a second in time and the skillful rendering of the scene all work together in allowing the scene to become real and the viewer to become emotionally moved and involved, None fifths is by chance; Procaine has skillfully laid out every aspect of the piece from the reiterative, to the characters, as well as the emotions this piece would evoke. This take on a classic scene is timeless and his mastery of the baroque and mannerist styles are expertly crafted. In a rather stark Contrast to Procaines rendering Of Christ before his time of death, Mathieu El Main has created The Entombment of Christ, a depiction Of Christ after he was taken from the cross. Mathieu El Main was one of three brothers who were well known French baroque artists in the 1 7th century. The French baroque style is quite different to that Of the baroque styles practiced in Southern and Eastern Europe, in particular, those found in Italy by artists such as Aggravation and Procaine. This style adheres to more of an academic rule, in that its very cold and geometrically placed. The paintings lack the emotion expressed by baroque artists with different cultural influences. The French style has a certain order and neatness of placement, Mains piece is of a large scale allowing for many figures to be fully articulated in the space and also for the addition of a landscape filling up the background. The eye of the viewer is carried tromp the right side tooth piece inward to the left. Inward meaning, the eye is brought from the foreground on the figure scene and gets lulled into the composition towards the landscape scene undoing in the back. Pictured far in the background in an oddly scaled cross, quite possibly the one Christ was crucified on. The skewing of the size, scale and proportion must be the artists attempt at making Jesus sacrifice larger than life, larger than the common mans comprehension pain and sacrifice. The soldiers pictured closer to the viewer are sized in a proper way in relation to their distance from the viewer. The cropping of the image is placed so that we register a lot of information yet we wonder what is beyond the visual plane Main has allowed us. The composition, with respect to the figures, is heavily weighed to the right side of the piece. The use of an even number of figures with Christ centered allows for an eye, pleasing symmetry. The figures Main depicts surrounding the dead body of Christ are created and placed in a way that the pale lifeless body Of Christ is viewed first and with more importance. .ua96362d49756d830cf3114df9efdf236 , .ua96362d49756d830cf3114df9efdf236 .postImageUrl , .ua96362d49756d830cf3114df9efdf236 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua96362d49756d830cf3114df9efdf236 , .ua96362d49756d830cf3114df9efdf236:hover , .ua96362d49756d830cf3114df9efdf236:visited , .ua96362d49756d830cf3114df9efdf236:active { border:0!important; } .ua96362d49756d830cf3114df9efdf236 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua96362d49756d830cf3114df9efdf236 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua96362d49756d830cf3114df9efdf236:active , .ua96362d49756d830cf3114df9efdf236:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua96362d49756d830cf3114df9efdf236 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua96362d49756d830cf3114df9efdf236 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua96362d49756d830cf3114df9efdf236 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua96362d49756d830cf3114df9efdf236 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua96362d49756d830cf3114df9efdf236:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua96362d49756d830cf3114df9efdf236 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua96362d49756d830cf3114df9efdf236 .ua96362d49756d830cf3114df9efdf236-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua96362d49756d830cf3114df9efdf236:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Surviving Paintings of the Baroque Period EssayThe figural space is crowded vivid the bustle and movement Of the preparation for entombment, yet the momentary connection between Mary and Jesus seems to be silent and with overwhelming emotion, the emotion for a mothers loss Of a child. The two people depicted in the back right of the composition appear to be working on a burial garment for Jesus. The bearded male on the right looks on intently as the figure on the right lays out wonderfully articulated drapery. The figures importance is established with their placement in the background of the pictorial plane. They are represented for historical integrity but are arranged behind the ultimate importance fuses and his mother, Mary. The garments worn by all pictured are more representative of actual ones worn at the time and place to which the crucifixion, and ultimately he entombment of Christ occurred. The turban is also another historically accurate head garment worn by men in the Middle East. The accuracy and attention to historical details are in contrast to the baroque styles practiced by eastern European baroque artists. The use of color is much more prevalent in Mains piece. High saturation and deep tones of blues and reds are placed throughout the composition as well as lower more soft tones, Although there are areas of deep color saturation and vibrant tones, the overall scene is depicted as a drab dark cave and gray landscape. The most vibrant royal blue cloth is draped ever Mary as she braces herself in mourning. This traditional use of the color is an indicator of the holy family, With Mary in particular _ Mary also wears a high saturation red garment. This color is repeated on the figure supporting Chrisms lifeless body. This repetition helps link the two halves Of the composition. In this piece, light proves to be equally important as the use of color. The lighting in Mains piece is skillfully rendered Within the look and feel Of the French baroque style. The warm fluid use of light across the entire composition allows for much more of the surface to be interpreted by the viewer. The painting although well lit, still has the ability for a strong divine light to cast its glow on the deceased body of Jesus. The divine light also strikes Mary who is sitting in a most mournful way next to the body of her son. Atmospheric perspective is well captured in the cascading hills depicted in the background of the piece. Space is clearly created by each crest and trough of the rolling landscape, An overall blue gray tone is cast upon the farthest distances from our eye. In contrast to the correct rendering of the farthest distance, Main has created a proportionally incorrect crucifix. With that being said, the space is ordered well leaving ample room for the small landscape far past the cave. The pictorial plane can be both shallow and deep. The viewer is placed in the small space surrounding the body of Christ and if chosen can peer past to a more deep and sprawling space. There is a horizon line that begins in the landscape on the right and continues to divide the composition throughout the figural space. The horizon line ends on the worktable of the figures in the background. This continuous line keeps the composition equally weighted and well placed. The contrasting dark walls and paces surrounding the figures against the divine light allow for space to be created also making the space more believable to the viewer. With the image falling into the French baroque era and style it can be seen that the styling of the image is very calm With no erroneous marks. The fluid strokes and smooth transitions play well with the narrative of the story for its the time after Chrisms death and life seems to moue in slow motion. Although texture can be seen in the strokes of the cave walls giving validity to the space and allowing the viewer to feel as though they are in the scene. Mains skillful crafting Of the piece and attention to emotional and historical details lend to the overall success of the piece. It is clear Main wishes for the viewer to feel the somberness of the ultimate sacrifice endured by Christ. Staying true to the French baroque styles of the time he was able to convey his message through a well thought out and cleanly placed composition. Both Procaines The Scourging of Christ and Mains, and The Entombment of Christ, depict a particular moment in time of the crucifixion of Christ. Though each portrays particular scenes under their own vision in their reticular style, procaine5 Italian baroque influences are extremely evident in the painting with the strong use of light and the theatrical scene with strong movement and gut wrenching emotions.