Effects of Caffeine and Nicotine on Lumbriculus Variegatus...

Effects of Caffeine and Nicotine on Lumbriculus variegatus INTRODUCTION An experiment was conducted to study and explore the circulatory system by exposing Lumbriculus variegatus, black worms, to household drugs. Lumbriculus variegatus was chosen as the experimental organism because of their transparent bodies and their simple physiology. Their transparent bodies help the experimenters to easily see their pulse. Another reason for choosing this specific organism is their body structure—large surface area to size ratio. This feature allows the substances, such as the household drugs, to easily enter their body which then can affect their health.(1) The household drugs used in this experiment were decaffeinated coffee, tea, instant†¦show more content†¦The dependent variable is pulsation rates of L. variegatus before and after they were in the treatments. The standardized variable of this experiment would be the temperature of the surroundings of the L. variegatus, the three pulsation rates taken for each worm before and after the treatments, and also the amount of time each worm was kept in their respective treatments. The level of treatment for this experiment would be ten because of the six different concentration treatments of caffeine and nicotine along with the four household drugs. The sampl e size of the experiment differed from some treatments to other. For the three different concentrations of caffeine and nicotine, the sample size was 18 black worms each. The sample size of the control treatment of week 1 was 6 black worms. 12 black worms were used for the control of week 2, decaffeinated coffee and instant coffee. 11 black worms were used for the tea treatment and 15 were used for the tobacco treatment. There were three replications of the pulsation rate readings per worm before and after the treatment. With all this information we were able to get the results we got. According to the results, the columns of caffeine in figure 1, of this experiment the hypothesis for caffeine is partially accepted. There is an increasing trend in the change of pulsation rates with increasingShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Zero Caiso ( Water Enhancer?1044 Words   |  5 Pagesspotted as the outer layer of the worm is transparent, and contraction waves are seen in the main vessel as a heart beat. (Lesiuk and Drewes, 1999b) Pulsation rate is sensitive to pharmacological agents and is significantly accelerated by both caffeine and nicotine. (Bohrer, K.E. 2006) Much like in humans, the pulsation rate is regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems. Blackworms also have a very permeable outer skin layer, making the absorption of chemicals very efficient. Most consumers don’tRead MoreThe Effects Of Caffeine, Caffeine And Nicotine1462 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This lab covered the effects of caffeine, nicotine, caffeine extract and nicotine extract on the pulsation rates of Lumbriculus variegatus, commonly known as blackworms. The circulatory system consists of the heart and the blood vessels that circulate blood throughout the organism’s body. Blackworms do not possess a respiratory system or a heart, thus they circulate their blood through contractions of the blood vessels. The pulsation rate was observed along the dorsal blood vessel near

Literature Review on the Human Brain Can Fear Be Prevented

Scientists research the human body so that we, as human-beings, know how to protect our bodies and can learn some interesting facts for the better of our knowledge. Many think that the brain is an interesting topic. It is probably because there are still many things about the human body that are unknown. The human brain is just like the ocean, dark and strange. The brain is one of the most mysterious in our bodies because there is still so much that isn’t known about it. With new advances in technology, it has become much easier to study the brain and how it works. Many articles have been and are being written about studies that show new knowledge or could potentially lead to a big discovery. Just one example would be where emotions and reactions come from inside the brain. Similarly, development of research and gains in knowledge is vital to knowing how fear is caused and where it starts. Also, researchers use this knowledge to find ways to prevent fear of certain things. In an article entitled â€Å"Can Fear Be Prevented?† written by Tim Sandle, â€Å"Scientists have identified inhibitory interneurons in the hippocampus (the brain region involved in memory), that help to ensure the formation of neutral memories in the face of an unrelated, fearful event.† This means that scientists know where the sensation of fear actually starts. The test they performed was that they had lab mice tested. While a mouse was learning they would have close-ups of the mouse’s brain cells to monitor whatShow MoreRelatedChemical Castration Essay4712 Words   |  19 Pagesare not motivated by an increased testosterone level but innate biological features, psychological disorders, and social factors making chemical castration and physical castration ineffective in curing most origins of sexual deviance. Literature Review This paper presents a critical analysis of the effects of chemical castration and physical castration on the recidivism rates of sex offenders. In this paper, the term sex offender is defined as a person who has been convicted ofRead More Chemical Castration and Physical Castration Essay4601 Words   |  19 Pagesoffences are not motivated by an increased testosterone level but innate biological features, psychological disorders, and social factors making chemical castration and physical castration ineffective in curing most origins of sexual deviance. Literature Review This paper presents a critical analysis of the effects of chemical castration and physical castration on the recidivism rates of sex offenders. In this paper, the term sex offender is defined as a person who has been convicted of a sex crimeRead MoreAdolescent Cognitive Development After Trauma4747 Words   |  19 Pages sexual activity, and fail to make appropriate adjustments in compromising circumstances. There is a correlation between traumatic experiences and adolescent cognitive development. A traumatic experience can alter an adolescent’s neural system and adversely affect the latter stages of brain development. Working with survivors of traumatic events requires an understanding of maladaptive behaviors, reactions and coping skills. Behavioral patterns emerge and become part of an adolescent’s personalityRead MoreUnderstanding Reactive Attachment Disorder ( Dsm )2831 Words   |  12 Pages Understanding Reactive Attachment Disorder An L. WineKing Liberty University Abstract This paper is a review of how attachment disorders were first defined in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders (DSM) in 1980, and how the descriptions have evolved over the past 30 years of research efforts which have provided new insights into the disorder. The main attachment disorder discussed is Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD), that has recently been expanded toRead MoreEssay about Video Games Inspire Violent Behavior3148 Words   |  13 Pagesespecially in a time when harmful acts continue to rise in communities all over the world. LITERATURE REVIEW Research from the Center for Disease Control illustrates that teen violence is caused by emotional distress, learning disorders and attention violence. Although there are some other behaviors and causes responsible for teen violence in the society, diseases usually prevent the normal functioning of the brain. This means that there is a link between mental illness and violence in the society. PeopleRead MoreFrankenstein Study Guide14107 Words   |  57 PagesTHE GLENCOE LITERATURE LIBRARY Study Guide for Frankenstein by Mary Shelley i To the Teachern The Glencoe Literature Library presents full-length novels and plays bound together with shorter selections of various genres that relate by theme or topic to the main reading. Each work in the Library has a two-part Study Guide that contains a variety of resources for both you and your students. Use the Guide to plan your instruction of the work and enrich your classroom presentations. InRead MoreHidden Flaws in Strategy4558 Words   |  19 PagesCharles Roxburgh The McKinsey Quarterly, 2003 Number 2 After nearly 40 years, the theory of business strategy is well developed and widely disseminated. Pioneering work by academics such as Michael E. Porter and Henry Mintzberg has established a rich literature on good strategy. Most senior executives have been trained in its principles, and large corporations have their own skilled strategy departments. Yet the business world remains littered with examples of bad strategies. Why? What makes chief executivesRead MoreCounselling Psychology (Description and Evaluation of the Psychoanalytic Theories of Counselling and Techniques Using the)4628 Words   |  19 Pagesassignment the Psychoanalytic Theoretical approach to Counselling will be examined, along with its theorist Sigmund Freud and the therapeutic techniques associated with this theoretical approach. Before one can begin to explore techniques of psychoanalysis, it is important to briefly review Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the developmental personality and his stages of psychological development. Psychoanalytic theory and its practice originated in the late nineteenth century in the work ofRead MoreThe Use Of Creative Art For A Social Work Setting With Clients With The Skills And Tools Necessary Properly4769 Words   |  20 Pagescommunication is often observed in clients suffering from the effects of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder also know as PTSD. The effects of this disorder can be seen in clients of all age categories and can be the result of long term abuse or exposure to traumatic events. These clients may find it difficult to verbally express their emotions. The use of creative art can be utilized by the social worker in order to allow the client an opportunity to effectively express their emotions when other styles of verbalRead MoreThe Effects Of Effectual Daily Prayer On Mental Health5652 Words   |  23 Pages(Healthy People 2020, 2014). Every person desires to grow, become competent, aspire for more, fill an empty void, and find purpose and meaning in l ife. When negative emotions such as anger, resentment, pain, hurt or prolonged stresses are present, this can cause a number of physical problems. Some studies have determined a link between the effects of psychological stress and the increase risk of developing cancer, while others have concluded inconclusive results (National Cancer Institute, 2012). As

Is Generation Y Unemployed or Just Lazy Free Essays

Is Generation Y Unemployed or Just Lazy? In recent years, Generation Y is particularly underemployed in the United States. Some people consider sluggish economy as an important reason for Generation Y unemployed. Other said the most important reason is Generation Y is extreme laziness – despite the opportunities that await them. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Generation Y Unemployed or Just Lazy or any similar topic only for you Order Now I agree with the second point. In my opinion, Generation Y just lazy, they don’t want to spend a lot of time to work. They are making a choice to work at companies that pay less but offer them that more free time. Although they have bachelor’s degree, they prefer to work in retail jobs. This may be due to their attributes, working attitude and government compensation. The first reason that leads to Generation Y lazy can be Generation Y’s attribute. â€Å"We can learn Generation Y does assign different levels of importance and partially assigns different levels of happiness to the five motivational factors examined in this study: responsibilities, compensation, work environment, advancement potential, and free time. This study represents the first attempt to explore motivational factors for the Generation Y workforce within the federal government†(Barford). Depend on my research, I learned Generation Y’s responsibility is least, and free time is the most important for Generation Y. They are making a choice to work at companies that pay less but offer them that more free time. Generation Y’s attributes showed us that they have less responsibility for company and they would like get more free time. In other word, they don’t spend a lot of time to work. Second, underemployed due to Generation Y’s working attitude. We can learn the best-paid jobs with companies ranked high among Generation Y are all in science and technology, the survey shows. Google, Intel and Microsoft are all among the top five best companies for Gen Y, ranked based on average pay for Millennial working there, job satisfaction and flexible schedules, among other things. At the same time, it’s most common for Gen Y to work for small companies of 100 employees or less†(Hadley). We can learn Generation Y prefer to flexible schedules and chose small companies. They most likely to hold low-paying jobs in retail, so that degree is not important for them. They don’t want to study in high school or university because they can find a job without degree. On the other hand, Internet is very important for Generation Y. In fact more than half of Gen Y workers â€Å"will not accept a job that bans social media. † This report demonstrates that to Gen Y, they â€Å"consider the internet to be as important as air, water, food, and shelter and will choose a lower paying job in order to be able use it – especially in lieu of doing any actual work. Because Generation Y is lazy, they are not employed in large numbers inside America’s biggest companies. This is Generation Y’s working attitude that is one of reason of lazy. The government compensation effects on unemployment, which stimulate unemployment people, are lazy to seeking job. The government unemployment compensation is likely to have increased the average rate of unemployment. â€Å"Our current system of unemployment compensation has two distinct but related bad incentives. The first one for those who are employed, it reduces and eliminated the cost of increasing the period of unemployment. The second effect for more unsteady work, it raises net wage to the employee relative to the cost to the employer. â€Å"(Feldstein ;amp; Martin, p 39). According to these two effects of unemployment compensation, it stimulates the people who are lazy to seeking job. The government unemployment entitlement gives guarantee for the people who are lose job or seeking job, however, this overprotected politics cases extreme laziness to underemployment to find job. In conclusion, I agree with this point that Generation Y is just lazy. This may be due to their attributes, working attitude and government compensation. Actually, Generation Y can improve their life quality, if they are not lazy. They have ability to get good degree and find a good job. Works Cited Barford, Ian N and Hester, Defense Acquisition Research Journal: A Publication of the Defense Acquisition University; Jan/Feb2011, Vol. 18 Issue 1, p63-80, 18p, 2 Color Photographs, 5 Graphs Hadley Malcolm, Gen Y most likely to hold low-paying jobs in retail, USA Today, 07347456, AUG 22, 2012. Feldstein ;amp; Martin. Unemployment compensation: its effect on unemployment. Monthly Labor Review; Mar76, Vol. 99 Issue 3, p39, 3p. How to cite Is Generation Y Unemployed or Just Lazy, Papers

Financial Reporting Quality Of Investment †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Financial Reporting Quality Of Investment? Answer: Introduction: This assignment has been prepared to discuss that how an analyst should proceed step by step starting from the books of accounts of the company for understanding the financial health of the company(Biddle et al.,2009). Here the analyst first check the raw books of accounts of the company and prepare the journal entries for each financial transactions, then the journal entries are posted to the general leader under the appropriate heads of accounts. After that, the trial balance has been prepared and then profit loss accounts and balance sheets have been created to develop the ratio analysis as the calculated ratios are good indicators of the financial health of the company. The ratios are then analysed to understand the financial health of the company and what are the underlying factors that are contributing to the good or bad financial performance of the company. Results Findings: The profit loss statement of the company defines that the annual turnover of the company is around $158333.55 ; therefore the company is falling in the benchmark turnover group of $150,001 $600,000. Items of calculation Net profit transferred to balance sheet 57980.35 Total Revenue receipt 158333.6 Total Asset 435866 Capital Employed 151156 operating income /EBIT 115627.8 Current Asset 2025.67 Current liability 7538 Ratios Profit margin 37% ROA 13% ROCE 76% Current ratio 27% The profit margin ratio of 37% indicates that the company is capable to save 37% of its sales revenue as a net profit. This indicates good operational efficiency to the part of the company The Return-on-Asset of the company is 13%, which indicates that the company is capable to transform 13% of its asset (that is engaged in to the business) in to revenue generation (Higgins, 2012). The ROCE of the company is 76% which indicates that the operating income or the EBIT [Earnings before Interest Tax dividend] of the company is 76% of the amount of capital employed .This result indicates a crucial fact that there is enough scope to the part of the company to enhance the operational efficiency of the company as most of the revenue earnings of the company has been absorbed in the operational activities of the company. That is why the ratios of ROA ROCE largely differs (Kirklin et al., 2013) The Current ratio of the company is less than 1 , which indicates low liquidity position of the company due to high operational cost. Items $ Total expenses 107694.3 turnover 158333.6 Cost of sales 6265.9 Labor expense 20280 Motor vehicle expenses 2610 Ratios Total expenses/turnover 68% Cost of sales/turnover 4% Labor/turnover 13% Motor vehicle expenses/turnover 2% A comparison with the industry benchmark reveals the fact that the company is making a good performance with respect to the industry benchmarks. The Total expenses/turnover ratio of the company is 68% which is within the industry benchmark of ratio ranges between 65%-80% [for the turnover range of $150,001 $600,000].Again the Cost of sales/turnover ratio is 4% which indicates a better performance with respect to the industry bench- mark as the industry bench mark ratio is between 7%-20%.The labor turnover ratio of the company is at 13% which indicates that the labor regulating efficiency of the company is much better than the industry benchmark as the bench mark range is between 22%-35%. Finally the Motor vehicle expenses/turnover ratio of the company lies at 2% which almost at par to the industry benchmark ratio range of 2%-4%. Discussion: From the above financial report summary it can be seen that the overall financial performance of the company is better in comparison to the industry bench mark. The major investment required by the company for kite surfing business is around $23000 out of which $15000 is required for equipment purchase and $ 8000 is required for course attendance by the employees of the company. So this amount of fund the company Wave rider can collect from the unused available fund of 2343.But opting for this business will mop up the entire extra cash of the company And the nature of the kite surfing business reveals that the business will take time to recover the cost of investment and to generate profit over investment (Uotila et al.,2009). More over Kite surfing business is heavily dependent over the tourists so the income from the business has a high possibility to get affected by the impact of seasonality. So opting for this business will be quite risky for the company even if the company is sh owing better financial performance with respect tom the industry benchmark. On the other hand if we look for the option of 12 seater Van transportation business then it can be seen that the total investment that will be required to initiate this new business is an amount of $ 2200. So the capital investment needed for this option is much lower and the business will be less affected from seasonality. The pace of income generation of this business is much higher than the other option. So if the business is looking for a less risky venture then the company Wave rider should opt for the 12 seater Van transportation business, that will help to earn quick money to the company at low cost Conclusion From the above discussion it can be seen though the company is delivering better financial performance with respect to the industry benchmark, but still the company Wave rider has to improve much in terms of operational efficiency and man agent of current asset by current liability as the current ratio of the company is less than 1.More over due to low operational efficiency the business should opt for a low cost low return business that brings less risk to the company (Beyer et al.,2010). Reference: Beyer, A., Cohen, D. A., Lys, T. Z., Walther, B. R. (2010). The financial reporting environment: Review of the recent literature.Journal of accounting and economics,50(2), 296-343. Biddle, G. C., Hilary, G., Verdi, R. S. (2009). How does financial reporting quality relate to investment efficiency?.Journal of accounting and economics,48(2), 112-131. Higgins, R. C. (2012).Analysis for financial management. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Kirklin, J. K., Naftel, D. C., Kormos, R. L., Stevenson, L. W., Pagani, F. D., Miller, M. A., ... Young, J. B. (2013). Fifth INTERMACS annual report: risk factor analysis from more than 6,000 mechanical circulatory support patients.The Journal of heart and lung transplantation,32(2), 141-156. Uotila, J., Maula, M., Keil, T. and Zahra, S.A., 2009. Exploration, exploitation, and financial performance: analysis of SP 500 corporations.Strategic Management Journal,30(2), pp.221-231.